State Highway 290 or SH 290 is a state highway maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) that runs from Interstate 10 near Sheffield east to another connection with I-10 about 20 miles (32 km) east of Sheffield. The 24.5-mile (39.4 km) route was designated in 1992 as a replacement for U.S. Route 290 when it was shortened to end near Junction. The route connects I-10 to Sheffield and Fort Lancaster State Historic Site and overlays a portion of SH 349.

SH 290 was the former designation for a portion of SH 114 between the New Mexico state line and Lubbock.

SH 290 was originally designated as a route from the New Mexico state line east through Morton and Levelland to Lubbock in Cochran, Hockley, and Lubbock counties that was created during the 1939 general redescription of the state's highway system. The route had been previously numbered as SH 134 beginning sometime between 1926 and 1928 until the route was renumbered as SH 24 before 1933. The SH 290 designation was dropped in 1955 when the route became SH 116. In 1978, the SH 116 designation was canceled, and the route became an extension of SH 114.

SH 290 was created in 1991 from a portion of US 290 which was decommissioned beyond its current terminus at I-10 near Junction to its former terminus at US 80 near Kent. US 290 together with US 80 formed a route linking El Paso to Austin and Houston before the construction of I-10. SH 290 is a portion of the former US 290 that was bypassed by I-10 around Sheffield.

SH 290 begins at Exit 325 of I-10 in Pecos County and winds southward around hills concurrently with SH 349. The road turns east through Sheffield passing through town along Main St. where SH 349 turns to the south. SH 290 then runs southeast to the Pecos River where the road enters Crockett County. The road turns eastward along the Pecos River valley until it reaches Fort Lancaster, an old frontier Army fort maintained by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. The road then turns northeast climbing steeply out of the river valley and returns to I-10 at Exit 343.